
En 2003, científicos australianos e indonesios descubrieron restos de homínidos de pequeño porte y capacidad cerebral en la remota isla de Flores, en el archipiélago indonesio. El descubrimiento del Homo Floresiensis ha sembrado el debate ya que algunos científicos han argumentado que estas pequeñas criaturas eran en realidad pequeños humanos modernos, cuyo escaso porte era el resultado de una enfermedad llamada microcefalia.
Los investigadores William Junger y Karen Baab, han estudiado los restos óseos de una hembra, denominada 'pequeña dama de Flores' (LB1) para confirmar la senda evolutiva de esta especie de hobbit. El especimen estaba completo e incluía el cráneo, la mandíbula, brazos, piernas, manos y pies y proporcionó a los investigadores información integral.
La capacidad craneal de LB1 era de 400 centímetros cúbicos, más parecida a la de un chimpance o un primate del Este o el sur de África. El cráneo y la mandíbula eran sin embargo mucho más parecidas a las de un humano moderno. El análisis estadístico de las placas del cráneo mostró que los humanos modernos corresponden a un grupo, los enfermos de microcefalia a otro, y estos seres de Flores a un tercero.
Debido a que el fósil estaba casi completo, los científicos fueron capaces de reconstruir un diseño corpóreo que tampoco correspondía al de un humano moderno. Los huesos del muslo y la espinilla eran mucho más cortos que los de los humanos modernos, incluidos los pigmeos de Äfrica del Sur y de Filipinas. Algunos investigadores han conlcuido que estos seres puede responder a una reversión evolutiva. "Es difícil creer que un cambio evolutivo se produjera para dar lugar a peores movimientos", explicó el doctor Jungers. "Tiene poco sentido que esta especie evolucionará con piernas más cortas porque los miembros inferiores más largos mejoran el movimiento bípedo", dijo.
Otros análisis de los restos revelaron que LB1 medía aproximadamente 1,06 metros, más pequeño que los modernos pigmeos, cuyos adultos alcanzan el 1,50. Un gráfico de dispersiones (scatterplot) muestra a LB1 muy lejos del intervalo de pigmeos africanos y del sudeste asático, tanto en altura como en índice de masa corporal. Según el Dr. Baab "los intentos por presentar a los hobbits como gente enferma han fallado repetidamente, porque el diagnóstico médico de síndrome de enanismo y microcefalia no guarda relación con la anatomía singular del Homo Floresiensis."

In 2003 Australian and Indonesian scientists discovered small-bodied, small-brained, hominin (human-like) fossils on the remote island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago. This discovery of a new human species called Homo floresiensis has spawned much debate with some researchers claiming that the small creatures are really modern humans whose tiny head and brain are the result of a medical condition called microcephaly.
Researchers William Jungers, Ph.D., and Karen Baab, Ph.D. studied the skeletal remains of a female (LB1), nicknamed "Little Lady of Flores" or "Flo" to confirm the evolutionary path of the hobbit species. The specimen was remarkably complete and included skull, jaw, arms, legs, hands, and feet that provided researchers with integrated information from an individual fossil.
The cranial capacity of LB1 was just over 400 cubic cm, making it more similar to the brains of a chimpanzee or bipedal "ape-men" of East and South Africa. The skull and jawbone features are much more primitive looking than any normal modern human. Statistical analysis of skull shapes show modern humans cluster together in one group, microcephalic humans in another and the hobbit along with ancient hominins in a third.
Due to the relative completeness of fossil remains for LB1, the scientists were able to reconstruct a reliable body design that was unlike any modern human. The thigh bone and shin bone of LB1 are much shorter than modern humans including Central African pygmies, South African KhoeSan (formerly known as 'bushmen") and "negrito" pygmies from the Andaman Islands and the Philippines. Some researchers speculate this could represent an evolutionary reversal correlated with "island dwarfing." "It is difficult to believe an evolutionary change would lead to less economical movement," said Dr. Jungers. "It makes little sense that this species re-evolved shorter thighs and legs because long hind limbs improve bipedal walking. We suspect that these are primitive retentions instead."
Further analysis of the remains using a regression equation developed by Dr. Jungers indicates that LB1 was approximately 106 cm tall (3 feet, 6 inches) -- far smaller than the modern pygmies whose adults grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet, 11 inches). A scatterplot depicts LB1 far outside the range of Southeast Asian and African pygmies in both absolute height and body mass indices. "Attempts to dismiss the hobbits as pathological people have failed repeatedly because the medical diagnoses of dwarfing syndromes and microcephaly bear no resemblance to the unique anatomy of Homo floresiensis," noted Dr. Baab.
Tomado de/Taken from Europa Press/PhysOrg
Resumen de la Publicación/Abstract of the paper
The geometry of hobbits: Homo floresiensis and human evolution.
William Jungers and Karen Baab
Significance, Vol 6(4), 159-164 (2009)
Published Online November 19, 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00389.x
Abstract. Until quite recently modern humans shared the earth with now extinct relatives—Neanderthals and others—in Europe and Asia. Homo floresiensis—dubbed the "hobbits" in the popular press—is the most recent, and the most surprising, addition to the human family tree. Were the tiny hobbit people of Flores dwarfed descendents of known species, modern humans suffering from a skull-shrinking genetic disease or a new species entirely?. William Jungers and Karen Baab look at the time, the space and the body-shape of the astonishing hobbits.